IT俱乐部 Java SpringBoot多数据源配置完整指南

SpringBoot多数据源配置完整指南

发布: 2025年 5月 3日 214阅读

一、基础多数据源配置

1. 添加依赖

org.springframework.bootspring-boot-starter-data-jpamysqlmysql-connector-java

2. 配置多个数据源

# 主数据源
spring.datasource.primary.url=jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/db1
spring.datasource.primary.username=root
spring.datasource.primary.password=123456
spring.datasource.primary.driver-class-name=com.mysql.cj.jdbc.Driver

# 次数据源
spring.datasource.secondary.url=jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/db2
spring.datasource.secondary.username=root
spring.datasource.secondary.password=123456
spring.datasource.secondary.driver-class-name=com.mysql.cj.jdbc.Driver

3. 配置数据源Bean

@Configuration
public class DataSourceConfig {

    // 主数据源
    @Bean
    @Primary
    @ConfigurationProperties(prefix="spring.datasource.primary")
    public DataSource primaryDataSource() {
        return DataSourceBuilder.create().build();
    }

    // 次数据源
    @Bean
    @ConfigurationProperties(prefix="spring.datasource.secondary")
    public DataSource secondaryDataSource() {
        return DataSourceBuilder.create().build();
    }
}

二、JPA多数据源配置

1. 配置主数据源JPA

@Configuration
@EnableTransactionManagement
@EnableJpaRepositories(
    basePackages = "com.example.repository.primary",
    entityManagerFactoryRef = "primaryEntityManagerFactory",
    transactionManagerRef = "primaryTransactionManager"
)
public class PrimaryJpaConfig {
    
    @Autowired @Qualifier("primaryDataSource")
    private DataSource primaryDataSource;
    
    @Primary
    @Bean
    public LocalContainerEntityManagerFactoryBean primaryEntityManagerFactory(
            EntityManagerFactoryBuilder builder) {
        return builder
            .dataSource(primaryDataSource)
            .packages("com.example.entity.primary")
            .persistenceUnit("primaryPersistenceUnit")
            .properties(jpaProperties())
            .build();
    }
    
    private Map jpaProperties() {
        Map props = new HashMap();
        props.put("hibernate.hbm2ddl.auto", "update");
        props.put("hibernate.dialect", "org.hibernate.dialect.MySQL8Dialect");
        return props;
    }
    
    @Primary
    @Bean
    public PlatformTransactionManager primaryTransactionManager(
            @Qualifier("primaryEntityManagerFactory") EntityManagerFactory emf) {
        return new JpaTransactionManager(emf);
    }
}

2. 配置次数据源JPA

@Configuration
@EnableTransactionManagement
@EnableJpaRepositories(
    basePackages = "com.example.repository.secondary",
    entityManagerFactoryRef = "secondaryEntityManagerFactory",
    transactionManagerRef = "secondaryTransactionManager"
)
public class SecondaryJpaConfig {
    
    @Autowired @Qualifier("secondaryDataSource")
    private DataSource secondaryDataSource;
    
    @Bean
    public LocalContainerEntityManagerFactoryBean secondaryEntityManagerFactory(
            EntityManagerFactoryBuilder builder) {
        return builder
            .dataSource(secondaryDataSource)
            .packages("com.example.entity.secondary")
            .persistenceUnit("secondaryPersistenceUnit")
            .properties(jpaProperties())
            .build();
    }
    
    private Map jpaProperties() {
        Map props = new HashMap();
        props.put("hibernate.hbm2ddl.auto", "update");
        props.put("hibernate.dialect", "org.hibernate.dialect.MySQL8Dialect");
        return props;
    }
    
    @Bean
    public PlatformTransactionManager secondaryTransactionManager(
            @Qualifier("secondaryEntityManagerFactory") EntityManagerFactory emf) {
        return new JpaTransactionManager(emf);
    }
}

三、MyBatis多数据源配置

1. 主数据源配置

@Configuration
@MapperScan(
    basePackages = "com.example.mapper.primary",
    sqlSessionFactoryRef = "primarySqlSessionFactory"
)
public class PrimaryMyBatisConfig {

    @Primary
    @Bean
    @ConfigurationProperties(prefix = "spring.datasource.primary")
    public DataSource primaryDataSource() {
        return DataSourceBuilder.create().build();
    }

    @Primary
    @Bean
    public SqlSessionFactory primarySqlSessionFactory(
            @Qualifier("primaryDataSource") DataSource dataSource) throws Exception {
        SqlSessionFactoryBean sessionFactory = new SqlSessionFactoryBean();
        sessionFactory.setDataSource(dataSource);
        sessionFactory.setMapperLocations(
            new PathMatchingResourcePatternResolver()
                .getResources("classpath:mapper/primary/*.xml"));
        return sessionFactory.getObject();
    }

    @Primary
    @Bean
    public SqlSessionTemplate primarySqlSessionTemplate(
            @Qualifier("primarySqlSessionFactory") SqlSessionFactory sqlSessionFactory) {
        return new SqlSessionTemplate(sqlSessionFactory);
    }
}

2. 次数据源配置

@Configuration
@MapperScan(
    basePackages = "com.example.mapper.secondary",
    sqlSessionFactoryRef = "secondarySqlSessionFactory"
)
public class SecondaryMyBatisConfig {

    @Bean
    @ConfigurationProperties(prefix = "spring.datasource.secondary")
    public DataSource secondaryDataSource() {
        return DataSourceBuilder.create().build();
    }

    @Bean
    public SqlSessionFactory secondarySqlSessionFactory(
            @Qualifier("secondaryDataSource") DataSource dataSource) throws Exception {
        SqlSessionFactoryBean sessionFactory = new SqlSessionFactoryBean();
        sessionFactory.setDataSource(dataSource);
        sessionFactory.setMapperLocations(
            new PathMatchingResourcePatternResolver()
                .getResources("classpath:mapper/secondary/*.xml"));
        return sessionFactory.getObject();
    }

    @Bean
    public SqlSessionTemplate secondarySqlSessionTemplate(
            @Qualifier("secondarySqlSessionFactory") SqlSessionFactory sqlSessionFactory) {
        return new SqlSessionTemplate(sqlSessionFactory);
    }
}

四、动态数据源配置（运行时切换）

1. 抽象路由数据源

public class DynamicDataSource extends AbstractRoutingDataSource {

    @Override
    protected Object determineCurrentLookupKey() {
        return DataSourceContextHolder.getDataSourceType();
    }
}

2. 数据源上下文持有者

public class DataSourceContextHolder {

    private static final ThreadLocal contextHolder = new ThreadLocal();

    public static void setDataSourceType(String dataSourceType) {
        contextHolder.set(dataSourceType);
    }

    public static String getDataSourceType() {
        return contextHolder.get();
    }

    public static void clearDataSourceType() {
        contextHolder.remove();
    }
}

3. 配置动态数据源

@Configuration
public class DynamicDataSourceConfig {

    @Bean
    @ConfigurationProperties(prefix="spring.datasource.primary")
    public DataSource primaryDataSource() {
        return DataSourceBuilder.create().build();
    }

    @Bean
    @ConfigurationProperties(prefix="spring.datasource.secondary")
    public DataSource secondaryDataSource() {
        return DataSourceBuilder.create().build();
    }

    @Primary
    @Bean
    public DataSource dynamicDataSource(
            @Qualifier("primaryDataSource") DataSource primaryDataSource,
            @Qualifier("secondaryDataSource") DataSource secondaryDataSource) {
        
        Map targetDataSources = new HashMap();
        targetDataSources.put("primary", primaryDataSource);
        targetDataSources.put("secondary", secondaryDataSource);
        
        DynamicDataSource dynamicDataSource = new DynamicDataSource();
        dynamicDataSource.setTargetDataSources(targetDataSources);
        dynamicDataSource.setDefaultTargetDataSource(primaryDataSource);
        
        return dynamicDataSource;
    }
}

4. 使用AOP切换数据源

@Aspect
@Component
public class DataSourceAspect {

    @Pointcut("@annotation(com.example.annotation.TargetDataSource)")
    public void dataSourcePointCut() {}

    @Before("dataSourcePointCut()")
    public void before(JoinPoint point) {
        MethodSignature signature = (MethodSignature) point.getSignature();
        Method method = signature.getMethod();
        TargetDataSource ds = method.getAnnotation(TargetDataSource.class);
        
        if (ds == null) {
            DataSourceContextHolder.setDataSourceType("primary");
        } else {
            DataSourceContextHolder.setDataSourceType(ds.value());
        }
    }

    @After("dataSourcePointCut()")
    public void after(JoinPoint point) {
        DataSourceContextHolder.clearDataSourceType();
    }
}

5. 自定义注解

@Target({ElementType.METHOD, ElementType.TYPE})
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
@Documented
public @interface TargetDataSource {
    String value() default "primary";
}

6. 使用示例

@Service
public class UserService {

    @Autowired
    private UserMapper userMapper;
    
    // 使用主数据源
    public User getPrimaryUser(Long id) {
        return userMapper.selectById(id);
    }
    
    // 使用次数据源
    @TargetDataSource("secondary")
    public User getSecondaryUser(Long id) {
        return userMapper.selectById(id);
    }
}

五、多数据源事务管理

1. JTA分布式事务（Atomikos）

org.springframework.bootspring-boot-starter-jta-atomikos

2. 配置JTA数据源

# 主数据源
spring.jta.atomikos.datasource.primary.unique-resource-name=primaryDS
spring.jta.atomikos.datasource.primary.xa-data-source-class-name=com.mysql.cj.jdbc.MysqlXADataSource
spring.jta.atomikos.datasource.primary.xa-properties.url=jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/db1
spring.jta.atomikos.datasource.primary.xa-properties.user=root
spring.jta.atomikos.datasource.primary.xa-properties.password=123456

# 次数据源
spring.jta.atomikos.datasource.secondary.unique-resource-name=secondaryDS
spring.jta.atomikos.datasource.secondary.xa-data-source-class-name=com.mysql.cj.jdbc.MysqlXADataSource
spring.jta.atomikos.datasource.secondary.xa-properties.url=jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/db2
spring.jta.atomikos.datasource.secondary.xa-properties.user=root
spring.jta.atomikos.datasource.secondary.xa-properties.password=123456

3. 使用分布式事务

@Service
public class OrderService {

    @Transactional // 跨数据源事务
    public void placeOrder(Order order) {
        // 操作主数据源
        primaryRepository.save(order);
        
        // 操作次数据源
        auditRepository.logOrder(order);
        
        // 如果此处抛出异常，两个操作都会回滚
    }
}

六、最佳实践

  1. 命名规范：

    • 为每个数据源使用清晰的命名（如customerDS, orderDS）
    • 包结构按数据源分离（com.example.repository.primary / .secondary）

  2. 连接池配置：

spring.datasource.primary.hikari.maximum-pool-size=10
spring.datasource.secondary.hikari.maximum-pool-size=5

  1. 监控指标：

    • 为每个数据源配置独立的监控
    • 使用Spring Actuator暴露数据源健康指标

  2. 性能考虑：

    • 高频访问的数据源使用更大的连接池
    • 读写分离场景考虑主从数据源

  3. 测试策略：

    • 为每个数据源编写独立的测试类
    • 测试跨数据源事务的回滚行为

七、常见问题解决

问题1：循环依赖

// 解决方法：使用@DependsOn
@Bean
@DependsOn("dynamicDataSource")
public PlatformTransactionManager transactionManager() {
    return new DataSourceTransactionManager(dynamicDataSource());
}

问题2：MyBatis缓存冲突

// 解决方法：为每个SqlSessionFactory配置独立的缓存环境
sqlSessionFactory.setConfiguration(configuration);
configuration.setEnvironment(new Environment(
    "primaryEnv", 
    transactionFactory, 
    dataSource
));

问题3：事务传播行为异常

// 解决方法：明确指定事务管理器
@Transactional(transactionManager = "primaryTransactionManager")
public void primaryOperation() {...}

通过以上配置，Spring Boot应用可以灵活地支持多数据源场景，无论是简单的多库连接还是复杂的动态数据源切换需求。根据实际业务场景选择最适合的配置方式，并注意事务管理和性能调优。

以上就是SpringBoot多数据源配置完整指南的详细内容，更多关于SpringBoot多数据源配置的资料请关注IT俱乐部其它相关文章！

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