IT俱乐部 JavaScript 如何使用HTML+JavaScript实现滑动验证码

如何使用HTML+JavaScript实现滑动验证码

一、滑动验证码

在现代网络安全体系中,人机验证机制扮演着至关重要的角色。传统的文本验证码由于识别困难、用户体验差等问题逐渐被更先进的验证方式取代。滑动验证码作为一种新型的人机验证手段,凭借其直观的操作体验和良好的安全性,广泛应用于各类网站和应用程序中。本文将详细介绍如何使用 HTML、CSS 和 JavaScript 构建一个完整的滑动验证码系统。

二、效果演示

滑动验证码的核心交互流程包括图像加载、拼图生成、用户拖拽和验证判断四个阶段,用户通过拖拽右侧滑块向右移动,使拼图块与背景图像中的缺口对齐,验证成功时显示绿色成功提示,失败则显示红色错误信息并自动重置。

三、系统分析

1、页面结构

整个滑动验证码系统采用简洁清晰的 HTML 结构设计,主要包括图像显示区(verify-img)、滑动控制区(erify-bar-box)和结果显示区(verify-result)三个核心部分。

加载中...
向右滑动完成验证
>

2、核心功能实现

2.1 初始化流程

主要实现了随机位置生成、图像加载和拼图绘制三个步骤。

async function init() {
  // 显示加载指示器
  showLoading()
  targetX = Math.floor(Math.random() * (imgWidth - bolckSize - 60)) + 30;
  targetY = Math.floor(Math.random() * (imgHeight - bolckSize - 20)) + 10;
  var img = await loadImg(imgUrl+'?'+Math.random());
  // 创建背景画布并绘制带缺口的图像
  var backCanvas = document.createElement('canvas')
  backCanvas.width = imgWidth;
  backCanvas.height = imgHeight;
  var backCtx = backCanvas.getContext('2d');
  backCtx.drawImage(img, 0, 0, 380, 190, 0, 0, imgWidth, imgHeight);
  backCtx.fillStyle = '#FFFFFF';
  backCtx.fillRect(targetX, targetY, 50, 50);
  backImg.src = backCanvas.toDataURL('image/png');
  // 创建拼图块
  var canvas = document.createElement('canvas')
  canvas.width = 50;
  canvas.height = 50;
  var ctx = canvas.getContext('2d');
  ctx.drawImage(img, targetX, targetY, bolckSize, bolckSize, 0, 0, bolckSize, bolckSize)
  blockImg.src = canvas.toDataURL('image/png');
  subBlock.style.top = (-201 + targetY) + 'px';
  // 隐藏加载指示器
  hideLoading()
}

2.2 拖拽交互处理

通过鼠标事件监听实现流畅的拖拽体验,当用户在滑块上按下鼠标并移动时,滑块滑块会随鼠标移动;当用户释放鼠标时,进行位置校验,如果失败滑块会变为红色并平滑的回到起点位置。

// 鼠标按下事件 - 开始拖拽
moveBlock.addEventListener('mousedown', function(e) {
  isDragging = true;
  startX = e.clientX;
  moveBlock.style.backgroundColor = '#337AB7';
  moveBlock.style.color = '#FFFFFF';
  verifyLeftBar.style.border = '1px solid #337AB7';
});
// 鼠标移动事件 - 拖拽过程
document.addEventListener('mousemove', function(e) {
  if (!isDragging) return;
  var newLeft = e.clientX - startX - 2;
  // 限制滑块移动范围
  if (newLeft  maxWidth) newLeft = maxWidth;

  moveBlock.style.left = newLeft + 'px';
  verifyLeftBar.style.width = newLeft + 'px';
  verifyLeftBar.style.border = '1px solid #337AB7';
});
// 鼠标释放事件 - 结束拖拽
document.addEventListener('mouseup', function() {
  if (!isDragging) return;
  isDragging = false;
  var currentPosition = moveBlock.offsetLeft;
  if (Math.abs(currentPosition - targetX)  {
    init()
    moveBlock.style.transition = '';
    verifyLeftBar.style.transition = '';
    moveBlock.style.backgroundColor = '#FFFFFF';
    moveBlock.style.color = '#999';
    verifyLeftBar.style.backgroundColor = '#F0FFF0';
    // 清除验证结果提示
    verifyResult.className = 'verify-result';
  }, 800);
});

四、扩展建议

  • 添加服务器端验证,防止客户端伪造结果
  • 增加行为特征检测,识别自动化工具攻击
  • 添加个性化拼图形状设计,丰富视觉表现
  • 增加重试次数限制机制,防止无限重试

五、完整代码



  滑动验证码
      * {
          margin: 0;
          padding: 0;
          box-sizing: border-box;
      }
      body {
          background: #f5f5f5;
      }
      .container {
          display: flex;
          padding: 20px;
          justify-content: center;
      }
      .verify-container {
          background: #fff;
          width:400px;
          padding: 10px;
          border: 1px solid #ddd;
          user-select: none;
      }
      .verify-img {
          width: 380px;
          height: 190px;
          margin-bottom: 10px;
          position: relative;
      }
      .verify-bar-box {
          width: 380px;
          height: 50px;
          line-height: 50px;
          position: relative;
          background: #FFFFFF;
          text-align: center;
          box-sizing: content-box;
          border: 1px solid #ddd;
          border-radius: 4px;
          color: #999;
      }
      .verify-left-bar {
          background: #f0fff0;
          position: absolute;
          top: 0;
          left: 0;
          height: 50px;
      }
      .verify-move-block {
          position: absolute;
          top: 0;
          left: 0;
          background: #fff;
          cursor: pointer;
          box-sizing: content-box;
          box-shadow: 0 0 2px #888888;
          border-radius: 1px;
          width: 50px;
          height: 50px;
      }
      .verify-sub-block {
          position: absolute;
          border: 1px solid #ddd;
          height: 50px;
          left: -2px;
          top: -201px;
      }

      .verify-result {
          margin-top: 10px;
          padding: 8px 12px;
          text-align: center;
          border-radius: 4px;
          font-weight: bold;
          display: none;
      }

      .verify-result.success {
          background-color: #dff0d8;
          color: #3c763d;
          border: 1px solid #d6e9c6;
          display: block;
      }

      .verify-result.fail {
          background-color: #f2dede;
          color: #a94442;
          border: 1px solid #ebccd1;
          display: block;
      }
      .loading-indicator {
          padding: 5px 10px;
          border-radius: 4px;
      }
  
加载中...
向右滑动完成验证
>
var verifyBarBox = document.querySelector('.verify-bar-box'); var moveBlock = document.querySelector('.verify-move-block'); var verifyLeftBar = document.querySelector('.verify-left-bar'); var backImg = document.querySelector('.back-img'); var subBlock = document.querySelector('.verify-sub-block'); var blockImg = document.querySelector('.block-img'); var verifyResult = document.getElementById('verifyResult'); var backImgLoading = document.getElementById('backImgLoading'); var startX = 0; var isDragging = false; var maxWidth = verifyBarBox.offsetWidth - moveBlock.offsetWidth; var imgUrl = 'https://picsum.photos/380/190'; var imgWidth = 380; var imgHeight = 190; var bolckSize = 50; var targetX = 0; var targetY = 0; var tolerance = 5; init(); async function init() { // 显示加载指示器 showLoading() targetX = Math.floor(Math.random() * (imgWidth - bolckSize - 60)) + 30; targetY = Math.floor(Math.random() * (imgHeight - bolckSize - 20)) + 10; var img = await loadImg(imgUrl+'?'+Math.random()); // 创建背景画布并绘制带缺口的图像 var backCanvas = document.createElement('canvas') backCanvas.width = imgWidth; backCanvas.height = imgHeight; var backCtx = backCanvas.getContext('2d'); backCtx.drawImage(img, 0, 0, 380, 190, 0, 0, imgWidth, imgHeight); backCtx.fillStyle = '#FFFFFF'; backCtx.fillRect(targetX, targetY, 50, 50); backImg.src = backCanvas.toDataURL('image/png'); // 创建拼图块 var canvas = document.createElement('canvas') canvas.width = 50; canvas.height = 50; var ctx = canvas.getContext('2d'); ctx.drawImage(img, targetX, targetY, bolckSize, bolckSize, 0, 0, bolckSize, bolckSize) blockImg.src = canvas.toDataURL('image/png'); subBlock.style.top = (-201 + targetY) + 'px'; // 隐藏加载指示器 hideLoading() } function showLoading() { backImgLoading.style.display = 'block'; subBlock.style.display = 'none' backImg.style.display = 'none' } function hideLoading() { backImgLoading.style.display = 'none'; subBlock.style.display = 'block' backImg.style.display = 'block' } // 绘制拼图块 function loadImg(url){ return new Promise((res,rej)=>{ const im = new Image(); im.crossOrigin='anonymous'; im.onload = ()=>res(im); im.onerror= rej; im.src = url; }); } // 鼠标按下事件 - 开始拖拽 moveBlock.addEventListener('mousedown', function(e) { isDragging = true; startX = e.clientX; moveBlock.style.backgroundColor = '#337AB7'; moveBlock.style.color = '#FFFFFF'; verifyLeftBar.style.border = '1px solid #337AB7'; }); // 鼠标移动事件 - 拖拽过程 document.addEventListener('mousemove', function(e) { if (!isDragging) return; var newLeft = e.clientX - startX - 2; // 限制滑块移动范围 if (newLeft maxWidth) newLeft = maxWidth; moveBlock.style.left = newLeft + 'px'; verifyLeftBar.style.width = newLeft + 'px'; verifyLeftBar.style.border = '1px solid #337AB7'; }); // 鼠标释放事件 - 结束拖拽 document.addEventListener('mouseup', function() { if (!isDragging) return; isDragging = false; var currentPosition = moveBlock.offsetLeft; if (Math.abs(currentPosition - targetX) { init() moveBlock.style.transition = ''; verifyLeftBar.style.transition = ''; moveBlock.style.backgroundColor = '#FFFFFF'; moveBlock.style.color = '#999'; verifyLeftBar.style.backgroundColor = '#F0FFF0'; // 清除验证结果提示 verifyResult.className = 'verify-result'; }, 800); });

总结 

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