一、滑动验证码
在现代网络安全体系中,人机验证机制扮演着至关重要的角色。传统的文本验证码由于识别困难、用户体验差等问题逐渐被更先进的验证方式取代。滑动验证码作为一种新型的人机验证手段,凭借其直观的操作体验和良好的安全性,广泛应用于各类网站和应用程序中。本文将详细介绍如何使用 HTML、CSS 和 JavaScript 构建一个完整的滑动验证码系统。
二、效果演示
滑动验证码的核心交互流程包括图像加载、拼图生成、用户拖拽和验证判断四个阶段,用户通过拖拽右侧滑块向右移动,使拼图块与背景图像中的缺口对齐,验证成功时显示绿色成功提示,失败则显示红色错误信息并自动重置。



三、系统分析
1、页面结构
整个滑动验证码系统采用简洁清晰的 HTML 结构设计,主要包括图像显示区(verify-img)、滑动控制区(erify-bar-box)和结果显示区(verify-result)三个核心部分。
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2、核心功能实现
2.1 初始化流程
主要实现了随机位置生成、图像加载和拼图绘制三个步骤。
async function init() {
// 显示加载指示器
showLoading()
targetX = Math.floor(Math.random() * (imgWidth - bolckSize - 60)) + 30;
targetY = Math.floor(Math.random() * (imgHeight - bolckSize - 20)) + 10;
var img = await loadImg(imgUrl+'?'+Math.random());
// 创建背景画布并绘制带缺口的图像
var backCanvas = document.createElement('canvas')
backCanvas.width = imgWidth;
backCanvas.height = imgHeight;
var backCtx = backCanvas.getContext('2d');
backCtx.drawImage(img, 0, 0, 380, 190, 0, 0, imgWidth, imgHeight);
backCtx.fillStyle = '#FFFFFF';
backCtx.fillRect(targetX, targetY, 50, 50);
backImg.src = backCanvas.toDataURL('image/png');
// 创建拼图块
var canvas = document.createElement('canvas')
canvas.width = 50;
canvas.height = 50;
var ctx = canvas.getContext('2d');
ctx.drawImage(img, targetX, targetY, bolckSize, bolckSize, 0, 0, bolckSize, bolckSize)
blockImg.src = canvas.toDataURL('image/png');
subBlock.style.top = (-201 + targetY) + 'px';
// 隐藏加载指示器
hideLoading()
}
2.2 拖拽交互处理
通过鼠标事件监听实现流畅的拖拽体验,当用户在滑块上按下鼠标并移动时,滑块滑块会随鼠标移动;当用户释放鼠标时,进行位置校验,如果失败滑块会变为红色并平滑的回到起点位置。
// 鼠标按下事件 - 开始拖拽
moveBlock.addEventListener('mousedown', function(e) {
isDragging = true;
startX = e.clientX;
moveBlock.style.backgroundColor = '#337AB7';
moveBlock.style.color = '#FFFFFF';
verifyLeftBar.style.border = '1px solid #337AB7';
});
// 鼠标移动事件 - 拖拽过程
document.addEventListener('mousemove', function(e) {
if (!isDragging) return;
var newLeft = e.clientX - startX - 2;
// 限制滑块移动范围
if (newLeft maxWidth) newLeft = maxWidth;
moveBlock.style.left = newLeft + 'px';
verifyLeftBar.style.width = newLeft + 'px';
verifyLeftBar.style.border = '1px solid #337AB7';
});
// 鼠标释放事件 - 结束拖拽
document.addEventListener('mouseup', function() {
if (!isDragging) return;
isDragging = false;
var currentPosition = moveBlock.offsetLeft;
if (Math.abs(currentPosition - targetX) {
init()
moveBlock.style.transition = '';
verifyLeftBar.style.transition = '';
moveBlock.style.backgroundColor = '#FFFFFF';
moveBlock.style.color = '#999';
verifyLeftBar.style.backgroundColor = '#F0FFF0';
// 清除验证结果提示
verifyResult.className = 'verify-result';
}, 800);
});
四、扩展建议
- 添加服务器端验证,防止客户端伪造结果
- 增加行为特征检测,识别自动化工具攻击
- 添加个性化拼图形状设计,丰富视觉表现
- 增加重试次数限制机制,防止无限重试
五、完整代码
滑动验证码 * { margin: 0; padding: 0; box-sizing: border-box; } body { background: #f5f5f5; } .container { display: flex; padding: 20px; justify-content: center; } .verify-container { background: #fff; width:400px; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid #ddd; user-select: none; } .verify-img { width: 380px; height: 190px; margin-bottom: 10px; position: relative; } .verify-bar-box { width: 380px; height: 50px; line-height: 50px; position: relative; background: #FFFFFF; text-align: center; box-sizing: content-box; border: 1px solid #ddd; border-radius: 4px; color: #999; } .verify-left-bar { background: #f0fff0; position: absolute; top: 0; left: 0; height: 50px; } .verify-move-block { position: absolute; top: 0; left: 0; background: #fff; cursor: pointer; box-sizing: content-box; box-shadow: 0 0 2px #888888; border-radius: 1px; width: 50px; height: 50px; } .verify-sub-block { position: absolute; border: 1px solid #ddd; height: 50px; left: -2px; top: -201px; } .verify-result { margin-top: 10px; padding: 8px 12px; text-align: center; border-radius: 4px; font-weight: bold; display: none; } .verify-result.success { background-color: #dff0d8; color: #3c763d; border: 1px solid #d6e9c6; display: block; } .verify-result.fail { background-color: #f2dede; color: #a94442; border: 1px solid #ebccd1; display: block; } .loading-indicator { padding: 5px 10px; border-radius: 4px; }var verifyBarBox = document.querySelector('.verify-bar-box'); var moveBlock = document.querySelector('.verify-move-block'); var verifyLeftBar = document.querySelector('.verify-left-bar'); var backImg = document.querySelector('.back-img'); var subBlock = document.querySelector('.verify-sub-block'); var blockImg = document.querySelector('.block-img'); var verifyResult = document.getElementById('verifyResult'); var backImgLoading = document.getElementById('backImgLoading'); var startX = 0; var isDragging = false; var maxWidth = verifyBarBox.offsetWidth - moveBlock.offsetWidth; var imgUrl = 'https://picsum.photos/380/190'; var imgWidth = 380; var imgHeight = 190; var bolckSize = 50; var targetX = 0; var targetY = 0; var tolerance = 5; init(); async function init() { // 显示加载指示器 showLoading() targetX = Math.floor(Math.random() * (imgWidth - bolckSize - 60)) + 30; targetY = Math.floor(Math.random() * (imgHeight - bolckSize - 20)) + 10; var img = await loadImg(imgUrl+'?'+Math.random()); // 创建背景画布并绘制带缺口的图像 var backCanvas = document.createElement('canvas') backCanvas.width = imgWidth; backCanvas.height = imgHeight; var backCtx = backCanvas.getContext('2d'); backCtx.drawImage(img, 0, 0, 380, 190, 0, 0, imgWidth, imgHeight); backCtx.fillStyle = '#FFFFFF'; backCtx.fillRect(targetX, targetY, 50, 50); backImg.src = backCanvas.toDataURL('image/png'); // 创建拼图块 var canvas = document.createElement('canvas') canvas.width = 50; canvas.height = 50; var ctx = canvas.getContext('2d'); ctx.drawImage(img, targetX, targetY, bolckSize, bolckSize, 0, 0, bolckSize, bolckSize) blockImg.src = canvas.toDataURL('image/png'); subBlock.style.top = (-201 + targetY) + 'px'; // 隐藏加载指示器 hideLoading() } function showLoading() { backImgLoading.style.display = 'block'; subBlock.style.display = 'none' backImg.style.display = 'none' } function hideLoading() { backImgLoading.style.display = 'none'; subBlock.style.display = 'block' backImg.style.display = 'block' } // 绘制拼图块 function loadImg(url){ return new Promise((res,rej)=>{ const im = new Image(); im.crossOrigin='anonymous'; im.onload = ()=>res(im); im.onerror= rej; im.src = url; }); } // 鼠标按下事件 - 开始拖拽 moveBlock.addEventListener('mousedown', function(e) { isDragging = true; startX = e.clientX; moveBlock.style.backgroundColor = '#337AB7'; moveBlock.style.color = '#FFFFFF'; verifyLeftBar.style.border = '1px solid #337AB7'; }); // 鼠标移动事件 - 拖拽过程 document.addEventListener('mousemove', function(e) { if (!isDragging) return; var newLeft = e.clientX - startX - 2; // 限制滑块移动范围 if (newLeft maxWidth) newLeft = maxWidth; moveBlock.style.left = newLeft + 'px'; verifyLeftBar.style.width = newLeft + 'px'; verifyLeftBar.style.border = '1px solid #337AB7'; }); // 鼠标释放事件 - 结束拖拽 document.addEventListener('mouseup', function() { if (!isDragging) return; isDragging = false; var currentPosition = moveBlock.offsetLeft; if (Math.abs(currentPosition - targetX) { init() moveBlock.style.transition = ''; verifyLeftBar.style.transition = ''; moveBlock.style.backgroundColor = '#FFFFFF'; moveBlock.style.color = '#999'; verifyLeftBar.style.backgroundColor = '#F0FFF0'; // 清除验证结果提示 verifyResult.className = 'verify-result'; }, 800); });加载中...
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